Практические задания (ПЗ) в ММУ по предмету Практическая грамматика (1/1)
Рекомендации к выполнению практических заданий
Учебным планом предусмотрено прохождение практических занятий по дисциплинам.
В рамках практических занятий студенты выполняют практические задания, следовательно, выполнение указанных заданий является обязательным для получения положительной оценки по дисциплине.
1. Задания рекомендуется выполнять в течение всего учебного семестра до начала экзаменационной сессии (сроки см. в графике работы в семестре);
2. Выполнение заданий оформляется в письменном виде (текстовый файл с титульным листом (см. бланк титульного листа на странице дисциплины);
3. Файл необходимо загружать в соответствующий раздел дисциплины. По примеру курсовой работы.
4. Выполнение заданий оценивается преподавателем «Выполнено/Не выполнено» в течение всего семестра.
5. Возврат файла на доработку возможен только 1 раз в сроки
загрузки письменных работ.
6. Практические задания выполняются в электронном виде.
Для получения оценки «зачтено» за практическое задание необходимо выполнить 3 любых практических задания из размещенных 13 упражнений
в практическом занятии № 1 и 2 любых практических задания из размещенных 7 упражнений в практическом занятии № 2.
Итого обучаемые должны выполнить 5 упражнений.
Практические задания в ММУ постоянно меняют: если Ваше ПЗ отличается, пишите нам, скорее всего у нас есть уже новое!
Практическое занятие № 1.
The adjective. The adverb.
1. The adjective. General description of the adjective. Qualitative and
relative adjectives.
2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives.
3. Substanvization of adjectives.
4. The adverb. General characterization of the adverb. Simple and derived
adverbs. Qualitative, quantitative, circumstantial adverbs.
Qualitative adjectives обозначают свойства напрямую.
1) Обозначают цвет, размер и качества.
2) Имеют степени сравнения: E.g. big-bigger-the biggest; beautiful-more
beautiful-the most beautiful.
3) У них есть соответствующие наречия, образованные от них с
помощью суффикса — ly.
E.g. warmly, beautifully.
5) Они могут иметь функции как атрибута, так и предикатива [1, с.15].
E.g. He was a clever boy. The boy was clever.
5. Качественные прилагательные сочетаются с наречиями:
E.g. The boy was very clever. The book was extremely interesting.
Относительные прилагательные косвенно обозначают свойства вещей.
Они обозначают свойства через отношения:
— to materials: e.g. wooden, silver;
— to place: European, African, Eastern:
— of time: daily, weekly;
— to some action (preparatory –подготовительный, defensive-
оборонительный);
Relative adjectives, как правило, не имеют соответствующих наречий,
образованных от них с помощью суффикса – ly.
We cannot say woodenly.
Степени сравнения прилагательных формируются тремя разными
способами:
1. one-syllable and two-syllable adjectives form their degrees of
comparison by means of overt morphemes: -er, -est. They form their degrees
synthetically.
2. Other adjectives form their degrees of comparison analytically by
means of the words more and most.
3. A few adjectives form the degrees of comparisons by means of the
suppletive morpheme: e.g. good – better — the best; bad –worse — the worst.
Есть прилагательные, которые можно сравнивать в двух формах [4,
с.37]: e.g. Old – older –the oldest / elder – the eldest; far –farther-the farthest/
further-the furthest.
Формы elder-eldest используются, говоря о семье; furtherfurthest
используются для выражения того, что что-то последует.
В некоторых случаях древнеанглийские формы сравнительных и
превосходных степеней стали в современном английском языке
отдельными словами:
e. g. They have two sons, Peter and Nick. The former is ten years old and
the latter is already a student.
Прилагательное в превосходной степени всегда употребляется с
определенным артиклем (the quickest, the most important). Так что это стало
неотъемлемой частью превосходной степени.
Иногда встречаются такие примеры, как a most interesting/important
Прилагательные могут быть субстантивированы, т.е. они могут
становиться существительными [4, с.38].
— relative – relatives. The Possessive case is – relative’s. A relative, the
relative, my relative.
— the rich, the wounded, the unemployed, the blind.
e.g. The wounded were taken care of. But: The wounded soldier was taken
care of.
— the impossible –невозможное, the inevitable –неизбежное
e. g. on the whole, in the main
— English, German
— blacks, whites
— Conservatives, Liberals
— Indians, European
Qualitative adverbs выражают непосредственные, неотъемлемые
качества действий и другие качества. Типичные наречия такого рода —
качественные наречия -ly.
Quantitative adverbs — это особые лексические единицы
полуфункционального характера, выражающие меру качества или
градационную оценку качеств. Их можно разделить на несколько видов:
1. Adverbs of high degree («intensifiers»): very, quite, entirely, utterly,
highly, greatly, perfectly, absolutely, strongly, considerably, pretty, much.
2. Adverbs of excessive degree (direct and reverse) также
принадлежащий к более широкому подклассу усилителей: too, awfully,
tremendously, dreadfully, terrifically.
3. Adverbs of unexpected degree: surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly.
4. Adverbs of moderate degree: fairly, comparatively, relatively,
moderately, rather.
5. Adverbs of low degree: slightly, a little, a bit.
6. Adverbs of approximate degree: almost, nearly.
7. Adverbs of optimal degree: enough, sufficiently, adequately.
8. Adverbs of inadequate degree: insufficiently, intolerably, unbearably,
ridiculously.
9. Adverbs of under-degree: hardly, scarcely.
Circumstantial adverbs также делятся на: смысловые и
функциональные. Notional circumstantial adverbs include two basic sets:
adverbs of time and adverbs of place: today, tomorrow, already, ever, never,
shortly, recently, seldom, early, late; homeward, eastward, near, far, outside,
ashore, etc.
Наречия могут быть не производными или простыми (e.g. here, there,
now, then, so, quick, why, how, where, when, very, rather) и производными
(e.g. slowly, sideways, clockwise, homewards, away, ahead, apart, across).
Суффикс –ly — типичный маркер наречия. Однако многие наречия,
относящиеся к прилагательным, не обязательно могут использоваться с
суффиксом –ly, e.g. fast, late, hard, high, clean, clear, close, loud, tight, firm,
quick, right, sharp, slow, wide, etc.
Особо следует упомянуть элементы, подобные предлогам и наречиям,
которые образуют семантическую смесь с глаголами [5, с.438].: to give up,
to give in, to give out, to give away, to give over, etc; to set up, to set in, to set
forth, to set down, etc.; to get on, to get off, to get through, to get about ,etc.
Глаголы в таких сочетаниях — это в основном односложные слова;
наиболее распространены наречия, обозначающие место,e.g. in, out, on, off,
over, up, down, through, etc.
Некоторые наречия могут быть разделены объективными
дополнениями,
e.g. Please hand in your papers. vs. Please hand your papers in.
Другие – не делимы,
e.g. John called on me. vs. *John called me on.
В комбинациях глагол-наречие второй элемент может:
a) retain its adverbial properties of showing direction (e.g. to go out, to go
in, to go away);
b) change the aspect of the verb, i.e. mark the completeness of the process
(e.g. to eat – to eat up; to stand – to stand up; to sit – to sit down; to lie – to lie
down; to shave – to shave off; to speak – to speak out);
c) intensify the meaning of the process (e.g. to end – to end up; to finish –
to finish up (off); to cut – to cut off; to talk – to talk away);
d) lose its lexical meaning and form an integral whole, a set expression
(e.g.to fall out ‘to quarrel’; to give in ‘to surrender’; to come off ‘to take place’;
to leave off ‘to stop’; to boil down ‘to be reduced in quantity’).
Выполните практические задания:
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the comparative or the
superlative form of the adjectives given in brackets.
1. — Boris is certainly (clever) than his brother. — Yes, and he is
(attractive) than his brother Peter. In fact, he is (smart) boy I’ve ever taught. 2.
Nothing could be (extravagant) than buying such an expensive car. You will
have to be (careful) with your money in future. 3. Life is getting (hard) and
(complicated) with every passing day. 4. It is (effective) method of all, but it is
naturally costly. 5. Stephen is (intelligent) than any other boy in his group. 6. It
has been (cold) day in Moscow for thirty years. 7. It’s (little) I can do for you,
I’m afraid. 8. That was (bad) than he had expected. 9. That was indeed (bad)
experience in his career. 10. They naively think that things can only get (good).
11. This is (unbelievable) news I have ever heard. 12. He ate (few) French fries
than you did at the picnic. 13. Angela is (little) organized than Mike. 14. If you
ask me, Moscow is (beautiful) than any other city in the world. 15. They had
(little) and (little) to talk about. 16. It is axiomatic that (great) the student’s
individual effort, (much) thorough will be his learning. 17. The (much) original
a discovery, the (much) obvious it seems afterwards.
Exercise 2. Complete the following comparisons.
1 Barbara is nearly … old … her stepmother. 2. There are more … two thousand
books in my mother’s library. 3. Bob talks just … his father. 4. Would you be …
kind … to close the door for me? 5. Do … I tell you; don’t do … I do. 6. I am
not … naive … to believe all he promises me. 7. After your heart attack you
should walk … slowly … possible. 8. The Volga is not now … wide … it was. 9.1
have … many working hours a week … any other employee. 10. A shower uses
less water … a bath. 11. On Sundays we don’t have to get up … early … usual. 12.
This house is two times … big … the old one. 13. They use twice … much
electricity .. compressor machines. 14. In my opinion, it’s worth more … twice
that figure. 15. He can lift a box thrice … heavy.
Exercise 3. Read and translate the following colourful and unusual
comparisons. Make up sentences with them.
1. as different as chalk and cheese 2. as scarce as hen’s teeth 3. as dark as inside
of a wolf 4. as happy as a pumpkin in a sunny patch 5. as ugly as home-made
soap 6. as black as two o’clock in the morning 7. as happy as a dog with two
tails 8. as nervous as a brick wall 9. as brave as the first man who ate an oyster
10. as cold as an ex-wife’s heart 11. as big as the little end of nothing 12. as
noisy as two skeletons dancing on a tin roof
Exercise 4. Complete the given phrases.
1. The sooner, … . 2. The longer the day (is), … . 3. The more we learn, …. 4.
The more expensive the wedding, … . 5. The later one goes to bed, …. 6. The
better the idea, … . 7. The sunnier the weather, … . 8. The more knowledge you
get…..9. The broader your outlook, … . 10. The richer your vocabulary, … . 11.
The less chocolate you eat, … . 12. The farther from home, … . 13. The more
kids you have, … . 14. The smarter a person is, … . 15. The longer we study
English, …
Exercise 5. Use the right degree of comparison of the adjectives in brackets.
1. He laughs (good), who laughs last. 2. He who laughs last, laughs (long). 3. Of
two evils, choose the (little). 4. My aunt is the (old) of the four sisters. 5. Cats
are (clean) than monkeys, but monkeys are (intelligent) than cats. 6. He is the
(well-known) of that crew. 7. Put your (good) foot forward. 8. He had rarely
listened to a (an) (absurd) proposal. 9. The kids had never eaten a sausage that
was (big, red, hot). 10. Thank you, you are (kind) today than you were
yesterday. 11. Socrates was (wise) Greek of all. 12. Get there first with (much)
— that is the fundamental principle of tactics. 13. Which lie seems (good)? 14.
Christopher is (friendly) than Ted.15. Donald is (well-off) than either of his
brothers. 16. Ben is (wealthy) of the three brothers. 17. Edwin was (nice) of the
two sons.
Exercise 6. Translate into English
1. Из двух проектов второй более перспективный. 2. Из пятерых
претендентов они выбрали самого знающего. 3. Какой из этих двух
аппаратов более надежный? 4. Это был самый печальный опыт в моей
жизни. 5. Для нее нет ничего более важного, чем ее карьера. 6. Чем скорее
он перестанет проматывать деньги, тем лучше. 7. Для меня существуют
два самых замечательных дня в году — мой день рождения и Новый год. 8.
Чем меньше ты говоришь и, фактически, чем меньше ты знаешь, тем это
безопаснее для меня и для моих друзей. И в конечном счете для тебя тоже.
9. Вода — самый сильный напиток. Она приводит в движение (to drive)
мельницы. 10. Чем образованнее человек, тем более он склонен страдать от
головных болей. 11. Самые лучшие повара— мужчины. 12. «Извините» —
самое трудное слово. 13. Чем больше я читаю о налоговой реформе, тем
меньше я ее понимаю.
Exercise 7. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian, paying
special attention to the adjectives
1. Good— better— best. Never rest. Till «good» is «better» and «better» is
«best». 2. A bad excuse is better than none. 3. A silent tongue and a true heart
are the most admirable things on earth. 4. It is better to be the best of a low
family than the worst of a noble one. 5. The symphony was a half-baked,
splashy, cacophonous mess. 6. The film will be released in the first half of the
following year at the earliest. 7. Broken hearts stain pillows with bitter tears. 8.
Much to Mary’s further surprise, her mother was nowhere to be seen. 9. He is
going to buy the latest golfing accessories. 10. Whom we love best, to them we
can say least. 11. Learning makes a good man better and a bad man worse. 12.
Now let’s have lunch and you can tell me about all your latest lady friends and
the exciting parties you’ve been to. 13. Many famous artists died in the bitterest
poverty. 14. The positive hotel experience is a smooth arrival, delightful service,
a pleasant night’s stay and a professional check-out.
Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with words from the right column
1. Mind, it is … confidential. a. brightly
2. He’ll have to limit his expenses…. b. well
3. It changes …, like night and day. c. hopefully
4. We’ll contact you … . d. badly
5. They never took me … . e. briefly
6. This morning they quarrelled … . f. automatically
7. In the grate a log fire burned … . g- occasionally
8. This chap plays the piano so … . h. regularly
9. He expresses his ideas … . i- directly
10. They didn’t think twice and came j- seriously … .
11. I go to the theatre …. k. clearly
12. Her mind on her son, she cooked … . 1- immediately
13. They considered the contract … . m.severely
14. I … get up at 8 o’clock. n. normally
15. «Can we come in?» she asked … . o. strictly
16. Always try to breathe … . p. deeply
Exercise 9. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adverbs.
Badly, briefly, carefully, clearly, distinctly, early, effectively, efficiently, far,
fast, frankly, frequently, hard, heartily, honestly, late, little, much, often,
patiently, soon, well, willingly.
Exercise 10. Put the words in brackets into the right form.
1. Statistics say that women drive (carefully) than men, 2. Please talk a bit
(quietly) and (little) aggressively. 3. There’s nothing (annoying) than losing your
door key, 4. Tom prefers to be alone. He is (sociable) person in the office. 5.
This time he tried (hard) than last time. 6. A big car can be parked (easily) than a
small one. 7. We walked (far) than we had planned. 8. Today David acted
(generously) than ever before. 9. The final exam was (little) difficult of all. 10.
This month Caroline worked (badly) of all, though actually she works (well) of
all the pupils of her class. 11. You don’t remember some details, You should
study the papers (closely). 12. They can get here at 7 o’clock at (early). It’s a
long way from here. 13. Changes will become necessary by the autumn, at
(late). 14. Really, Alex, you could work (efficiently)!
Exercise 11. Translate into English.
1. Они прожили вместе много лет вполне счастливо. 2. Говорят, ты
очень хорошо выступил вчера, поздравляю! 3. Инспектор немедленно
принял необходимые меры. 4. Мой учитель бегло говорит на пяти языках.
5. Посидите здесь тихонечко, дети, пока не придет ваша мама. 6. Моему
другу нравятся только быстрые ма шины. 7. Люди, которые очень быстро
ездят, рано или поздно попадают в аварии. 8. Она настолько же глупа,
сколь и красива. 9. Это легкий вопрос. Ребенок легко может ответить на
него. 10. — Вам понятно это правило? — Да, вы его так четко объяснили.
11. Вчера к нам совершенно неожиданно приехали гости. 12. Ты
определенно понапрасну тратишь свое время. 13. Я практически никогда
не ложусь спать до 11 часов. 14. Мои друзья почти всегда отдыхают летом.
15. В основном это была моя вина. 16. Я полностью с вами согласен. 17.
Давай поделим поровну денежный приз. 18. Позволь рассказать тебе
вкратце в чем дело. 19. В этой школе примерно двести учеников. 20.
Должен сказать вам, что вы вели себя провоцирующе.
Exercise 12. Find adverbs in column В which suit the verbs in column A. In
some cases there can be more than one verb.
А 1. argue В a. deeply
2. behave b. thoroughly
3. sleep c. convincingly, forcefully
4. speak d. spontaneously
5. explain e. bravely
6. feel f. truly
7. investigate g. deeply, heavily
8. react h. distinctly
9. sing i. badly, stupidly
10. fight j. softly, quietly
11. rain k. concisely, briefly
12. remember 1. sweetly
13. love and respect m. continuously
14. get mad n. Easily
Exercise 13. Choose the right word
1. By nature all men are alike, but by education widely … . Do you think …
about it? (different, differently) 2. My teacher taught me … as he used the latest,
most… methods of teaching, (effective, effectively) 3. Men talk …, but live … .
Even … men make … mistakes, (wise, wisely, foolish, foolishly) 4. The
children’s presentation was very … . The events developed … . (dynamic,
dynamically) 5. Life is too … to learn more than one business well. They
returned … afterwards, (short, shortly) 6. — Act … and go … . — But I am
neither … nor … . (honest, honestly, bold, boldly) 7. She is walking so … .
How … this ballerina is! (graceful, gracefully) 8. — We must have a … talk. —
Is it so necessary to discuss all this … ? (confidential, confidentially) 9. His
name can be … seen in many papers. What’s the … news? (current, currently) 10.
— Charles and Diana were very … matched. — Yes, it was a … match from start
to finish, (bad, badly) 11. Make haste … . He is as … as a snail, (slow, slowly)
12. Computers have … made a difference in our lives. She is … to arrive on time,
(sure, surely) 13. On the new stereo, many of the records sounded … . This time
we shall do it … . (different, differently) 14. The age difference between the
brothers is really quite … . Her husband was … shorter than she was. (slight,
slightly) 15. She paused … . Landing on the moon was one of the most …
scientific adventures of the twentieth century, (dramatic, dramatically)
Рекомендации для выполнения студентами практического задания
Для получения оценки «зачтено» за практическое задание необходимо
выполнить 3 любых практических задания из размещенных 13 упражнений
в практическом занятии № 1.
Практическое занятие № 2.
Verb. The category of aspect. The category of voice. Non-finite forms of the
verb.
1. Переведите предложения с английского языка на русский,
проанализируйте употребление модальных глаголов.
1. He is to go to the Far East on business.
2. When are we to visit the laboratories of the Institute?
3. You should follow all the important scientific researches in your field.
4. He was allowed to use the mobile equipment.
5. You needn’t keep your activities in secret.
6. If you want to know English you have to work hard.
7. I’ll have to come to the Institute at eight o’clock tomorrow.
8. Some mistakes must have been made in assembling the parts of the
machine.
9. The manufacturers informed the buyers that they could deliver the
machines within four months.
10. You may take any book you like.
2. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами.
1. I … not go to the theatre with them last night, I … revise the words for
the test.
2. My friend lives a long way to the office and … get up early.
3. All of us … in time for classes.
4. The lesson is over, you … go now.
5. You don’t look too good today, you … see a doctor.
6. “Whoever knocks at the door, you … not open it,” mother told her
children before going out.
7. You don’t know any foreign language, you … apply for this job.
8. Susan … not come home for lunch, she says she … to finish her work
first.
9. Henry is seriously ill, you … visit him in the hospital.
10. I … meet the delegation at the airport.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму глагола
(Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect
Continuous). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He (to run) now. He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest. 2. What they (to
do) now? – They (to work) in the reading-room. They (to work) there for
already three hours. 3. Where he (to be) now? – He (to be) in the garden. He (to
play) volley-ball with his friends. They (to play) since breakfast time. 4. I (to
live) in St. Petersburg. I (to live) in St. Petersburg since 2007. 5. She already (to
do) her homework for two hours; but she (not yet to do) half of it. 6.The weather
(to be) fine today. The sun (to shine) ever since we got up. 7. What you (to do)?
– I (to read). I (to read) for already two hours. I already (to read) sixty pages. 8.
This man (to be) a writer. He (to write) books. He (to write) books since he was
a young man. He already (to write) eight books. 9. What you (to do) here since
morning? 10. You (to find) your note-book? – No! I still (to look) for it.I already
(to look) for it for two hours, but (not yet to find) it.
4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму глагола
(Past Simple, Past Progressive, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Progressive).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.He (to sit) in the park until the light (to fade). 2. My hat (to fly) off when I (to
cross) the bridge. 3. He (to look) at her. He (to know) she (to cry). 4. She (not to
remember) the place. But suddenly it (to come) back to her: how they all (to be
afraid) of their teacher, how they (to quarrel), how they (to share) their secrets.
5. How long they (to wait) before the taxi (to arrive)? 6. After the plane (to land)
and he (to pass) the customs and luggage control, Mr. Jenkins (to take) a taxi
and (to go) to the hotel. 7. I (not to be) here ten minutes before your brother (to
come) in. 8. Paul (to think) for some time before he (to dare) to answer. 9. When
the tourists (to come) to the hotel, they (to discover) that a new guest (to arrive).
10. He (to write) a composition when I (to see) him.
5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму глагола
(Future Simple, Future Progressive, Future Perfect, Future Perfect
Progressive). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I (to hope) when I (to come) back you (to finish) your homework. 2. You (to
be) late. By the time you (to get) there they (to eat) everything up. 3. The house
is very old. They (to demolish) it by the time you (to come) to our city again, I
think. 4. He (to have) rest at the seaside this time next month. 5. Tornadoes (to
speed) through the island every year. By the end of the season they (to damage)
many buildings and (to injure) or (to kill) many people. 6. He (to arrive)
tomorrow morning. 7. By 2050 people (to solve) hunger problems. 8. What you
(to wear) at your friend’s wedding? 9. By that time you (to go) crazy or (to
forget) it all. 10. By the time he (to come) we (to complete) our tasks ourselves.
6. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в
страдательный.
1. Somebody has cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit. 2. We use this room
only on special occasions. 3. In some districts farmers use pigs to find truffles. 4.
Someone switched on the light and opened the door. 5. They are pulling down
the old theatre. 6. Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in? 7. People
must not leave bicycles in the hall. 8. The burglars have cut an enormous hole in
the steel door. 9. People are spending far more money on food now than they
spent ten years ago. 10. The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of
the month.
7. Раскройте скобки, используя соответствующую форму
страдательного залога.
1. I (cut off) before I could finish my phone call. 2. Where you (send) by your
company next week? 3. A computer (use) to do our job nowadays. 4. Pat
(distress) by the news she got yesterday. 5. This room looks different. It (paint)?
6. The luggage (pack) by the time we leave. 7. The Sales department
(reorganize) this time last month. 8. An island (cover) by water. 9. The old castle
(restore) by 1st June, 2015. 10. We are sitting at the table. The tea (serve).
Рекомендации для выполнения студентами практического задания
Для получения оценки «зачтено» за практическое задание необходимо
выполнить 2 любых практических задания из размещенных 7 упражнений
в практическом занятии № 2.
