Практические задания (ПЗ) в ММУ по предмету Лексикология (первый иностранный язык) (1/1)
Рекомендации
к выполнению практических заданий
Учебным планом предусмотрено прохождение практических занятий по дисциплинам.
В рамках практических занятий студенты выполняют практические задания, следовательно, выполнение указанных заданий является обязательным для получения положительной оценки по дисциплине.
1. Задания рекомендуется выполнять в течение всего учебного семестра до окончания срока представления письменных (курсовых) работ (сроки см. в графике работы в семестре);
2. Выполнение заданий оформляется в письменном виде (текстовый файл с титульным листом (см. бланк титульного листа на странице дисциплины);
3. Файл необходимо загружать в соответствующий раздел дисциплины. По примеру курсовой работы.
4. Выполнение заданий оценивается преподавателем «Выполнено/Не выполнено» в течение всего семестра.
5. Возврат файла на доработку возможен только 1 раз в сроки
загрузки письменных (курсовых) работ.
6. Для получения отметки «выполнено» необходимо выполнить 5 любых заданий в первом занятии и 6 заданий на выбор во втором.
Практические задания в ММУ постоянно меняют: если Ваше ПЗ отличается, пишите нам, скорее всего у нас есть уже новое!
Практическое занятие 1 по лекциям № 1-3
Problems for Discussion
1. The Morphemic Structure of the English Word. 2. Major Ways of English Word Formation: a) Affixation (Derivation); b) Conversion; c) Word Composition; d) Shortening (Contraction). 3. Minor Ways of English Word Formation: a) Onomatopoeia (Sound-Imitation); b) Reduplication; c) Back-Formation (Reversion).
1. The italicized words in the following jokes and extracts are formed by derivation. Write them out in two columns:
A.Those formed with the help of productive affixes.
B. Those formed with the help of non-productive affixes.
1. Willie was invited to a party, where refreshments were bountifully served. «Won’t you have something more, Willie?» the hostess said. «No, thank you,» replied Willie, with an expression of great satisfaction. «I’m full.» «Well, then,» smiled the hostess, «put some delicious fruit and cakes in your pocket to eat on the way home.» «No, thank you,» came the rather startling response of Willie, «they’re full too.»
2. The scene was a tiny wayside railway platform and the sun was going down behind the distant hills. It was a glorious sight. An intending passenger was chatting with one of the porters. «Fine sight, the sun tipping the hills with gold,» said the poetic passenger. «Yes,» reported the porter; «and to think that there was a time when I was often as lucky as them ‘ills.»
3. «You have an admirable cook, yet you are always growling about her to your friends.» «Do you suppose I want her lured away?»
4. Patient: Do you extract teeth painlessly? Dentist: Not always — the other day I nearly dislocated my wrist.
6. The inspector was paying a hurried visit to a slightly overcrowded school. «Any abnormal children in your class?» he inquired of one harassed-looking teacher. «Yes,» she replied, with knitted brow, «two of them have good manners.»
2. Say what parts of speech can be formed with the help of the affixes:
-ness, -ous, -ly, -y, -dom, -ish, -tion, -ed, -en, -ess, -or, -er, -hood, -less, -ate, -ing, -al, -ful, un-, re-, im (in)-, dis-, over-, ab
3. Deduce the meanings of the following derivatives from the meanings of their constituents. Explain your deduction. What are the meanings of the affixes in the words under examination?
Reddish, adj.; overwrite, v.; irregular, adj.; illegal, adj.; retype, v.; old-womanish, adj.; disrespectable, adj.; inexpensive, adj.; unladylike, adj.; disorganize, v.; renew, v.; eatable, adj.; overdress, v.; disinfection, п.; snobbish, adj.; handful, п.; tallish, adj.; sandy, adj.; breakable, adj.; underfed, adj.
4. In the following examples the italicized words are formed from the same root by means of different affixes. Translate these derivatives into Russian and explain the difference in meaning.
l. a) Sallie is the most amusing person, in the world — and Julia Pendleton the least so. b) Ann was wary, but amused.
2. a) He had a charming smile, almost womanish in sweetness, b) I have kept up with you through Miss Pittypat but she gave me no information that you had developed womanly sweetness.
3. a) I have been having a delightful and entertaining conversation with my old chum, Lord Wisbeach. b) Thanks for your invitation. I’d be delighted to come.
4. a) Sally thinks everything is funny — even flunking — and Julia is bored at everything. She never makes the slightest effort to be pleasant. b) — Why are you going to America? — To make my fortune, I hope. — How pleased your father will be if you do.
5. a) Long before he reached the brownstone house… the first fine careless rapture of his mad outbreak had passed from Jerry Mitchell, leaving nervous
apprehension in its place. b) If your nephew has really succeeded in his experiments you should be awfully careful.
6. a) The trouble with college is that you are expected to know such a lot of things you’ve never learned. It’s very confusing at times. b) That platform was a confused
mass of travellers, porters, baggage, trucks, boys with magazines, friends, relatives. 7. a) At last I decided that even this rather mannish efficient woman could do with a little help. b) He was only a boy not a man yet, but he spoke in a manly way.
8. a) The boy’s respectful manner changed noticeably, b) It may be a respectable occupation, but it sounds rather criminal to me.
9. a) «Who is leading in the pennant race?» said this strange butler in a feverish whisper, b) It was an idea peculiarly suited to her temperament, an idea that she might have suggested herself if she had thought of it …this idea of his fevered imagination.
5. Explain the difference between the meanings of the following words produced from the same root by means of different affixes. Translate the words into Russian.
Watery — waterish, embarrassed — embarrassing, manly — mannish, colourful — coloured, distressed — distressing, respected — respectful — respectable, exhaustive — exhausting — exhausted, bored — boring, touchy — touched — touching.
6. One of the italicized words in the following examples was made from the other by conversion. What semantic correlations exist between them?
1. a) «You’ve got a funny nose,» he added, b) He began to nose about. He pulled out drawer after drawer, pottering round like an old bloodhound.
2. a) I’d seen so many cases of fellows who had become perfect slaves of their valets. b) I supposed that while he had been valeting old Worplesdon Florence must have trodden on his toes in some way.
3. a) It so happened that the night before I had been present at a rather cheery little supper, b) So the next night I took him along to supper with me.
4. a) Buck seized Thorton’s hand in his teeth. b) The desk clerk handed me the key.
5. a) A small hairy object sprang from a basket and stood yapping in the middle of the room. b) There are advantages, you see, about rooming with Julia.
6. a) «I’m engaged for lunch, but I’ve plenty of time.» b) There was a time he and I had been lads about town together, lunching and dining together practically every day.
7. Find the examples of conversion in the sentences.
1. a) Mr. Biffen rang up on the telephone while you were in your bath. b) I found Muriel singer there, sitting by herself at a table near the door. Corky, I took it, was out telephoning.
2. Use small nails and nail the picture on the wall.
3. a) I could just see that he was waving a letter or something equally foul in my face. b) When the bell stopped, Crane turned around and faced the students seated in rows before him.
4. a) Lizzie is a good cook, b) She cooks the meals in Mr. Priestley’s house.
5. a) The wolf was suspicious and afraid, b) Fortunately, however, the second course consisted of a chicken fricassee of such outstanding excellence that the old boy, after wolfing a plateful, handed up his dinner-pail for a second instalment and became almost genial.
6. Use the big hammer for those nails and hammer them in well.
7. a) «Put a ribbon round your hair and be Alice-in-Wonderland,» said Maxim. «You look like it now with your finger in your mouth.» b) The coach fingered the papers on his desk and squinted through his bifocals.
8. a) The room was airy but small. There were, however, a few vacant spots, and in these had been placed a washstand, a chest of drawers and a midget rocker-chair, b) «Well, when I got to New York it looked a decent sort of place to me …»
9. a) These men wanted dogs, and the dogs they wanted were heavy dogs, with strong muscles… and furry coats to protect them from the frost. b) «Jeeves,» I said, «I have begun to feel absolutely haunted. This woman dogs me.»
7. Explain the semantic correlations within the following pairs of words.
Shelter — to shelter, park — to park, groom — to groom, elbow — to elbow, breakfast — to breakfast, pin — to pin, trap — to trap, fish — to fish, head — to head, nurse — to nurse.
8. Which of the two words in the following pairs is made by conversion? Deduce the meanings and use them in constructing sentences of your own.
star, n. — to star, v. age, n. — to age, v. picture, n. — to picture, v. touch, n. — to touch, v. colour, n. — to colour, v. make, n. — to make, v. blush, n. — to blush, v. finger, n. — to finger, v. key, n. — to key, v. empty, adj. — to empty, v. fool, n. — to fool, v. poor, adj. — the poor, n., breakfast, n. — to breakfast, v. pale, adj. — to pale, v. house, n. — to house, v. dry, adj. — to dry, v. monkey, n. — to monkey, v. nurse, n. — to nurse, v. fork, n. — to fork, v. dress, n. — to dress, v. slice, n. — to slice, v. floor, n. — to floor, v.
9. Read the following joke, explain the type of word-building in the italicized words and say everything you can about the way they were made.
A successful old lawyer tells the following story about the beginning of his professional life: «I had just installed myself in my office, had put in a phone, when, through the glass of my door I saw a shadow. It was doubtless my first client to see me. Picture me, then, grabbing the nice, shiny receiver of my new phone and plunging into an imaginary conversation. It ran something like this: ‘Yes, Mr. S!’ I was saying as the stranger entered the office. ‘I’ll attend to that corporation matter for you. Mr. J. had me on the phone this morning and wanted me to settle a damage suit, but I had to put him off, as I was too busy with other cases. But I’ll manage to sandwich your case in between the others somehow. Yes. Yes. All right. Goodbye.’ Being sure, then, that I had duly impressed my prospective client, rung up the receiver and turned to him. ‘Excuse me, sir,’ the man said, ‘but I’m from the telephone company. I’ve come to connect your instrument.’
10. Find compounds in the following jokes and extracts and write them out in three columns: A. Neutral compounds. B. Morphological compounds. C. Syntactic compounds.
1. Pat and Jack were in London for the first time. During a tour of the shops in the West End they came to an expensive-looking barber’s. «Razors!» exclaimed Pat. «You want one, don’t you? There’s a beauty there for twenty-five bob (a shilling (pl. bob)),1 and there’s another for thirty bob. Which would you sooner have?» «A beard,» said Jack, walking off.
2. The children were in the midst of a free-for-all (a fight without rules). «Richard,
who started this?» asked the father as he came into the room. «Well, it all started when David hit me back.»
3. That night, as they cold-suppered together, Barmy cleared his throat and looked across at Pongo with a sad sweet smile. «I mean to say, it’s no good worrying and trying to look ahead and plan and scheme and weigh your every action, because you never can tell when doing such-and-such won’t make so-and-so happen — while, on the other hand, if you do so-and-so it may just as easily lead to such-and-such.»
4. When Conan Doyle arrived in Boston, he was at once recognized by the cabman whose cab he engaged. When he was about to pay his fare, the cabman said: «If you please, sir, I should prefer a ticket to your lecture.» Conan Doyle laughed. «Tell me,» he said, «how you knew who I was and I’ll give you tickets for your whole family.» «Thank you, sir,» was the answer. «On the side of your travelling-bag is your name.»
5. An old tramp sailed up to the back door of a little English tavern called The George and Dragon and beckoned to the landlady. «I’ve had nothing to eat for three days,» he said. «Would you spare an old man a bite of dinner?» «I should say not, you good-for-nothing loafer,» said the landlady and slammed the door in his face. The tramp’s face reappeared at the kitchen window. «I was just wonderin’,» he said, «if I could ‘ave a word or two with George.»
6. «Where are you living, Grumpy?» «In the Park. The fresh-air treatment is all the thing nowadays.»
7. Arriving home one evening a man found the house locked up. After trying to get in at the various windows on the first floor he finally climbed upon the shed roof and with much difficulty entered through a second-story window. On the dining-room table he found a note from his absent-minded wife: “I have gone out. You’ll find the key under the door mat.”
8. One balmy, blue-and-white morning the old woman stood in her long, tidy garden and looked up at her small neat cottage. The thatch on its tip-tilted roof was new and its well-fitting doors had been painted blue. Its newly-hung curtains were
gay… Bird-early next morning Mother Farthing went into the dew-drenched garden. With billhook and fork she soon set to work clearing a path to the apple tree. (From Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator by R. Dahl)
11. Identify the neutral compounds in the word combinations given below and write them out in 3 columns: A. Simple neutral compounds. B. Neutral derived compounds. C. Neutral contracted compounds.
An air-conditioned hall; a glass-walled room; to fight against H-bomb; a loud revolver-shot; a high-pitched voice; a heavy topcoat; a car’s windshield; a snow-white handkerchief; big A. A. guns; a radio-equipped car; thousands of goldseekers; a big hunting-knife; a lightish-coloured man; to howl long and wolflike; to go into frantic U-turns; to fix M-day.
12. Arrange the compounds given below into two groups: A. Idiomatic. B. Non-idiomatic. Say whether the semantic change within idiomatic compounds is partial or total. Consult the dictionary if necessary.
Light-hearted, adj.; butterfly, п.; homebody, п.; cabman, п.; medium-sized, adj.; blackberry, п.; bluebell, п.; good-for-nothing, adj.; wolf-dog, п.; highway, п.;
dragon-fly, п.; looking-glass, п.; greengrocer, п.; bluestocking, п.; gooseberry, п.; necklace, п.; earthquake, п.; lazy-bones, n.
13. Find shortenings in the jokes and extracts given below and specify the method of their formation.
1. Вгоwn: But, Doc, I got bad eyes! Doctor: Don’t worry. We’ll put you up front. You won’t miss a thing. 2. «How was your guard duty yesterday, Tom?» «O.K. I was remarkably vigilant.» «Were you?» «Oh, yes. I was so vigilant that I heard at once the relief sergeant approaching my post though I was fast asleep.» 3. «Excuse me, but I’m in a hurry! You’ve had that phone 20 minutes and not said a word!» «Sir, I’m talking to my wife.»
14. Match the following terms with their definitions.
1) abbreviation
2) adjectivalization
3) adverbialization
4) back-derivation
5) compression
6) lexicalization
7) onomatopoeia
8) reduplication
9) sound-interchange
10) stress-interchange
11) substantivation
12) word-manufacturing
a) forming words sounding like the thing they represent, for example ticktock for ‘the sound of a clock’ or containing sounds similar to the noise they describe, for example hiss;
b) forming a new word removing the end of a word that already exists;
c) forming holophrastic compound constructions by putting together a word combination or a sentence;
d) transformation of a grammatical form of a word into an individual lexeme with its own lexical meaning;
e) doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes or with a variation of the root-vowel or consonant;
f) forming nouns from adjectives;
g) forming adjectives from nouns and participles;
h) forming adverbs from adjectives;
i) gradation of sounds occupying one and the same place in the sound-form of one and the same morpheme in various cases of its occurrence, as in song and to sing; may be regarded as a way of word formation;
j) shifting of stress, as in an ´increase and to in´crease; may be regarded as a way of word formation;
k) making a word, phrase or name shorter by leaving out letters or using only the first letter of each word;
l) invention of a complete new word.
15. Identify the ways of minor word formation the following words are created by.
all-in-one, to automate, to baby-sit, bark, buzz, chit-chat, cock-a-doodledoo, colours, cuckoo, customs, EU, goody-goody, goody-two-shoes, has-been, to house-keep, jazzercise, know-it-all, laser, magalog, to meditate, merry-go-round, miaow (meow), one-size-fits-all, pants, phone, photo, pictures, ping-pong, radar, ticky-tacky, tutty-frutty, up-to-the-minute, U-station, walkie-talkie.
Problems for Discussion
1. What is “meaning”? 2. Two levels of analysis. 3. Types of semantic components. 4. Meaning and context. 5. Development of new meanings.
16. Study the meanings of the following English forms and define the type of semantic ambiguity. State your reasons for qualifying them as polysemantic or homonymous words.
Charge, diamond, leaves, mark, plane, tract
17. Define the meanings of the words in the following sentences. Say how the meanings of the same word are associated one with another.
1. I walked into Hyde Park, fell flat upon the grass and almost immediately fell asleep.
2. a) ‘Hello’, I said, and thrust my hand through the bars, whereon the dog became silent and licked me prodigiously, b) At the end of the long bar, leaning against the counter was a slim pale individual wearing a red bow-tie.
3. a) I began to search the flat, looking in drawers and boxes to see if I could find a key. b) I tumbled with a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano, c) Now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music and the opera of voices pitches a key higher, d) Someone with a positive manner, perhaps a detective, used the expression ‘madman’ as he bent over Welson’s body that afternoon, and the authority of his voice set the key for the newspaper report next morning.
4. a) Her mouth opened crookedly half an inch, and she shot a few words at one like pebbles, b) Would you like me to come to the mouth of the river with you?
5. a) I sat down for a few minutes with my head in my hands, until I heard the phone taken up inside and the butler’s voice calling a taxi, b) The minute hand of the electric clock jumped on to figure twelve, and, simultaneously, the steeple of St. Mary’s whose vicar always kept his clock by the wireless began its feeble imitation of Big Ben.
6. a) My head felt as if it were on a string and someone were trying to pull it off. b) G. Quartermain, board chairman and chief executive of Supernational Corporation was a bull of a man who possessed more power than many heads of the state and exercised it like a king.
18. Copy out the following pairs of words grouping together the ones which represent the same meaning of each word. Explain the different meanings and the different usages, giving reasons for your answer. Use dictionaries if necessary.
smart, adj. smart clothes, a smart answer, a smart house, a smart garden, a smart repartee, a smart officer, a smart blow, a smart punishment
stubborn, adj. a stubborn child, a stubborn look, a stubborn horse, stubborn resistance, a stubborn fighting, a stubborn cough, stubborn depression
sound, adj. sound lungs, a sound scholar, a sound tennis-player, sound views, sound advice, sound criticism, a sound ship, a sound whipping
root, n. edible roots, the root of the tooth, the root of the matter, the root of all evil, square root, cube root perform, v. to perform one’s duty, to perform an operation, to perform a dance, to perform a play kick, v. to kick the ball, to kick the dog, to kick off one’s slippers, to kick smb. downstairs
19. The verb «to take» is highly polysemantic in Modern English. On which meanings of the verb are the following jokes based? Give your own examples to illustrate the other meanings of the word.
1. «Where have you been for the last four years?» «At college taking medicine.» «And did you finally get well?»
2. «Doctor, what should a woman take when she is run down?» «The license number, madame, the license number.»
3. Proctor (exceedingly angry): So you confess that this unfortunate Freshman was
carried to this frog pond and drenched. Now what part did you take in this disgraceful affair? Sophomore (meekly): The right leg, sir.
20. Explain the basis for the following jokes. Use the dictionary when in doubt.
1. Caller: I wonder if I can see your mother, little boy. Is she engaged? Willie: Engaged! She’s married.
2. Booking Clerk (at a small village station): You’ll have to change twice before you get to York. Villager (unused to travelling): Goodness me! And I’ve only brought the clothes I’m wearing.
21. Explain the logical associations in the following groups of meaning for the same words. Define the type of transference which has taken place.
1. The wing of a bird — the wing of a building; the eye of a man — the eye of a needle; the hand of a child — the hand of a clock; the heart of a man — the heart of the matter; the bridge across-the-river — the bridge of the nose; the tongue of a person — the tongue of a bell; the tooth of a boy — the tooth of a comb; the coat of a girl — the coat of a dog. 2. Green grass — green years; black shoes — black despair; nickel (metal) — a nickel (coin); glass — a glass; copper (metal) — a copper (coin); Ford (proper name) — a Ford (car); Damascus (town in Syria) — damask; Kashmir (town in North India) — cashmere.
22. Analyze the process of development of new meanings in the italicized words in the examples given below.
1. I put the letter well into the mouth of the box and let it go and it fell turning over and over like an autumn leaf. 2. Those who had been the head of the line paused momentarily on entry and looked around curiously. 3. A cheerful-looking girl in blue jeans came up to the stairs whistling. 4. Seated behind a desk, he wore a light patterned suit, switch from his usual tweeds. 5. Oh, Steven, I read a Dickens the other day. It was awfully funny. 6. They sat on the rug before the fireplace, savouring its warmth, watching the rising tongues of flame. 7. He inspired universal confidence and had an iron nerve. 8. A very small boy in a green jersey with light red hair cut square across his forehead was peering at Steven between the electric fire and the side of the fireplace. 9. While the others were settling
down, Lucy saw Pearson take another bite from his sandwich.
23. Explain the basis for the following jokes. Trace the logical associations between the different meanings of the same word.
1. Father was explaining to his little son the fundamentals of astronomy. «That’s a comet.» «A what?» «A comet. You know what a comet is?» «No.» «Don’t you know what they call a star with a tail?» «Sure — Mickey Mouse.» 2. What has eyes yet never sees? (Potato) 3. He (in telephone booth): I want a box for two. Voice (at the other end): Sorry, but we don’t have boxes for two. He: But aren’t you the box office of the theatre? Voice: No, we are the undertakers.
24. Read the following jokes. Write out the informal words and word-groups and say whether they are colloquial, slang or dialect.
1. A Yankee passenger in an English train was beguiling his fellow passengers with tall stories and remarked: «We can start with a twenty-story apartment house this month, and have if finished by next.» This was too much for the burly Yorkshireman, who sat next to him. «Man, that’s nowt», he said. «I’ve seen ’em in Yorkshire when I’ve been going to work just laying the foundation stone and when I’ve been coming home at neet they’ve been putting the folk out for back rent.» 2. A driver and his family had gathered bluebells, primrose roots, budding twigs and so on from a country lane. Just before they piled into the car to move off Father approached a farmer who was standing nearby and asked: “Can we take this road to Sheffield?” The farmer eyed the car and its contests sourly, then: “Aye, you mun as well, you’ve taken nigh everything else around here.”
25. The extracts belong to formal style. Find and write out learned words, terms or archaisms. Look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary.
1. «Sir, in re1 Miss Ernestina Freeman We are instructed by Mr. Ernest Freeman, father of the above-mentioned Miss Ernestina Freeman, to request you to attend at these chambers at 3 o’clock this coming Friday. Your failure to attend will be regarded as an acknowledgement of our client’s right to proceed.» 2. «I have, with esteemed advice …» Mr. Aubrey bowed briefly towards the sergeant, … «… prepared an admission of guilt. I should instruct you that Mr. Freeman’s decision
not to proceed immediately is most strictly contingent upon your client’s signing, on this occasion and in our presence, and witnessed by all present this document.»
3.Romeo … So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows, As yonder lady o’er her fellows shows. The measure done, I’ll watch her place of stand, And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night. Tybalt. This, by his voice should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier, boy. What! dares the slave Come hither, cover’d with an antiek face, To fleer and scorn at our solemnity? Now, by the stock and honour of my kin, To strike him dead I hold it not a sin. (From Romeo and Juliet by W. Shakespeare, Act 1, Sc. 5)
26. Read the following jokes. Look up the italicized words in the dictionary (unless you know their meanings) and prove that they are professional terms. State to which sphere of human activity they belong. On what is the humour based in each of the jokes?
1. A sailor was called into the witness-box to give evidence. «Well, sir,» said the lawyer, «do you know the plaintiff and defendant!» «I don’t know the drift of them words,» answered the sailor. «What! Not know the meaning of «plaintiff» and «defendant?» continued the lawyer. «A pretty fellow you to come here as a witness! Can you tell me where on board the ship the man struck the other?» «Abaft the binnacle,» said the sailor. «Abaft the binnacle?» said the lawyer. «What do you mean by that?» «A pretty fellow you,» responded the sailor, «to come here as a lawyer, and don’t know what «abaft the binnacle» means!»
2. «Where did the car hit him?» asked the coroner. «At the junction of the dorsal and cervical vertebrae,» replied the medical witness. The burly foreman rose from his seat. «Man and boy, I’ve lived in these parts for fifty years,» he protested ponderously, «and I have never heard of the place.»
3. The doctor’s new secretary, a conscientious girl, was puzzled by an entry in the doctor’s notes on an emergency case: «Shot in the lumbar region,» it read. After a moment she brightened and, in the interest of clarity, typed into the record: «Shot in the woods».
Problems for Discussion
Phraseology
27. What is the source of the following idioms? If in doubt consult your reference books.
The Trojan horse, Achilles heel, a labour of Hercules, an apple of discord, forbidden fruit, the serpent in the tree, an ugly duckling, the fifth column, to hide one’s head in the sand.
28. Show that you understand the meaning of the following phraseological units by using each of them in a sentence.
1. Between the devil and the deep sea; 2. to have one’s heart in one’s boots; 3. to have one’s heart in the right place; 4. to wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve; 5. in the blues; 6. once in a blue moon; 7. to swear black is white; 8. out of the blue; 9. to talk till all is blue; 10. to talk oneself blue in the face.
29. Explain whether the semantic changes in the following phraseological units are complete or partial. Paraphrase them.
To wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve; a wolf in a sheep’s clothing; to fly into a temper; to stick to one’s word; bosom friend; small talk; to cast pearls before swine; to beat about the bush; to add fuel to the fire; to fall ill; to fall in love; to sail under false colours; to be at sea.
30. Read the following jokes. Identify the phraseological units using the two major criteria: structural and semantic. What are the jokes based on?
1. He: Don’t you hate people who talk behind your back? She: Yes, especially at the movies.
2. «I’d hate to be in your shoes,» said a woman yesterday, as she was quarrelling with a neighbour. «You couldn’t get in them,» sarcastically remarked the neighbour.
3. Herbert: Arthur hasn’t been out one night for three weeks. Flora: Has he turned over a new leaf? Herbert: No, he’s turned over a new car.
4. Motorist: How far is it to the next town? Native: Nigh to five miles as the crow
flies. Motorist: Well, how far is it if a damned crow has to walk and carry an empty gasoline can?
5. «So, she turned you down, eh?» «Yes, I made the mistake of confessing that my heart was in my mouth when I proposed.» «What has it to do with it?» «Oh, she said she couldn’t think of marrying a man whose heart wasn’t in the right place.»
31. Read the following proverbs. Give their Russian equivalents or explain their meanings.
A bargain is a bargain. A cat in gloves catches no mice. Those who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. A good beginning is half the battle. A new broom sweeps clean. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. It never rains but it pours. Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth. Make hay while the sun shines.
32. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian proverbs.
Нет худа без добра. В гостях хорошо, а дома лучше. С глаз долой, из сердца вон. Дуракам закон не писан. Он пороху не выдумает. Слезами горю не поможешь. Поспешишь — людей насмешишь. Взялся за гуж, не говори, что не дюж.
33. Complete the following sentences, using the phraseological units given in the list below. Translate them into Russian. Use the words: to take the rough with the smooth; between the devil and the deep sea; to take the plunge; in the same boat; to paddle one’s own canoe; to burn one’s boats
1. If I pay my rent, I won’t have any money to buy food. I’m between ____.
2. It’s no use grumbling about your problems — we’re all _____.
3. He’s sold his house and his business to go to Australia, so he’s really _____.
4. She prefers not to rely on anyone else, she likes to _____.
5. They didn’t know whether to get married or not, but they finally ____.
6. You can’t expect everything to go right all the time, you must learn to _____.
34. Complete the following similes. Translate the phraseological units into Russian. If necessary, use your dictionary.
as black as ——-
as green as——
as cold as——
as white as——
as old as——
as changeable as ——
——as an eel
as safe as—- —
as brown as——
——as a wolf
as clean as ———
——as a cricket
as dull as——
——as a bee
35. Complete the following sentences, using the words from the list below. Translate the phraseological units into Russian. Use the words: ice, beetroot, mule, feather, sheet, toast, clockwork, bee, rail, peacock
1. She was so embarrassed that she went as red as a ____.
2. I can carry the suitcase easily, it’s as light as a _____.
3. The room is as warm as ____.
4. My sister does so many things that she’s always as busy as a _____.
5. He is as proud as a _____ of his new car.
6. It’s as cold as _____ in that office.
7. Once he’s made up his mind, he’ll never change it, he’s as stubborn as a _____. 8. She was so frightened that her face went as white as a _____.
9. The postman always calls at 8 o’clock, he’s as regular as _____.
10. However much he eats, he’s always as thin as a ____.
37. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the semantic principle.
1. The operation started badly and everyone was in a temper throughout. 2.1 know a man who would love meeting you. The perfect nut for you to crack your teeth on. 3. I wish I had you for Maths (my favourite subject). But alas, we cannot have our
cake and eat it too. 4. He said: «Well, never mind, Nurse. Don’t make such heavy weather about it.» 5. Did you know that 50% of the time I’ve been barking up all the wrong trees. 6. However, while appreciating that the best way to deal with a bully is to bully back, I never quite had the nerve. 7. What is it — First Aid? All you need know is how to treat shock and how to stop haemorrhage, which I’ve drummed into you till I’m blue in the face. 8. Don’t let them (pupils) lead you by the nose. 9. But I thought he was afraid I might take him at his word. 10. Ruth made no bones about the time she was accustomed to have her dinner. 11. Poor Eleanor — what a mess she made of her life, marrying that man Grey! 12. There was a list of diets up in the kitchen, but Auntie had it all at her finger-tips. 13. «Bob, give me a hand with the screen,» Diana said. «Now be very careful, won’t you, sweetie?» 14. My common sense tells me that I’m making a mountain out of a molehill. 15. She thought, he’s obviously a very sensitive man, he can read between the lines. 16. Oh, said Arthur, someone might’ve bought the things cheap at an auction and put them by for a rainy day. 17. «I played like a fool,» said Guy, breaking a silence. «I’m feeling a bit under the weather.»
38. Read the following jokes. Classify the italicized word-groups, using Professor Smirnitsky’s classification system for phraseological units.
Out of the Fire Into the Frying Pan
A fighter pilot bailed out of his aircraft which had suddenly caught fire. He safely landed in an orchard on an apple tree and climbed down without a scratch, but a few minutes later he was taken to hospital. The gardener’s fierce and vigilant dog had been waiting for him under the tree.
More Precise
Two aviation meteorologists were engaged in shop talk. «No, I don’t watch the TV weather commentary. I reckon you get better weather on the radio,» said one of them thoughtfully.
39. Group the following italicized phraseological units, using Professor Kunin’s classification system. Translate them into Russian.
1. Margot brightened «Now you are talking! That would be a step up for women’s
lib (= liberation).» 2. Why was I more interested in the one black sheep than in all the white lambs in my care? 3. To the young, cliches seem freshly minted. Hitch your wagon to the star! 4. Out of sight out of mind. Anyway it’ll do you good to have a rest from me. 5. In a sense it could be said that the ice was broken between us. 6. Rose Water-ford smothered a giggle, but the others preserved a stony silence. Mrs. Forrester’s smile froze on her lips. Albert had dropped a brick. 7. «The fact is that Albert Forrester has made you all look a lot of damned fools.» «All,» said Clifford Boyleston. «We’re all in the same boat.» 8. It’s no good crying over spilt milk. 9. Like many serious patriots, in her inability to know for certain which way the cat would jump she held her political opinions in suspense. 10. «How long do you want to go for? For always?» «Yes, for always.» «Oh, my God!» 11. That also was a gentleman’s paper, but it had bees in its bonnet. Bees in bonnets were respectable things, but personally Soames did not care for them.
Практическое занятие 2 по лекциям № 4-5
Классификация лексики по сходству значения и формы. Этимологическая классификация лексики.
Problems for Discussion
1. Homonyms 2. Synonyms 3. Antonyms 4. Euphemisms
1. Find the homonyms in the following extracts. Classify them into homonyms proper, homographs and homophones.
1. «Mine is a long and a sad tale!» said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. «It is a long tail, certainly,» said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail; «but why do you call it sad?»
2. a) My seat was in the middle of a row. b) «I say, you haven’t had a row with Corky, have you?»
3. a) Our Institute football team got a challenge to a match from the University team and we accepted it. b) Somebody struck a match so that we could see each other.
4. a) It was nearly December but the California sun made a summer morning of the season, b) On the way home Crane no longer drove like a nervous old maid.
5. a) She loved to dance and had every right to expect the boy she was seeing almost every night in the week to take her dancing at least once on the weekend, b) «That’s right,» she said.
6. a) Do you always forget to wind up your watch? b) Crane had an old Ford without a top and it rattled so much and the wind made so much noise.
7. a) In Brittany there was once a knight called Eliduc. b) She looked up through the window at the night.
8. a) He had a funny round face, b) — How does your house face? — It faces the South.
9. a) So he didn’t shake his hand because he didn’t shake cowards’ hands, see, and somebody else was elected captain, b) Mel’s plane had been shot down into the sea. 10. a) He was a lean, wiry Yankee who knew which side his experimental bread
was buttered on. b) He had a wife of excellent and influential family, as finely bred as she was faithful to him.
11. a) He was growing progressively deafer in the left ear. b) I saw that I was looking down into another cove similar to the one I had left.
12. a) Iron and lead are base metals, b) Where does the road lead?
13. Kikanius invited him and a couple of the other boys to join him for a drink, and while Hugo didn’t drink, he went along for the company.
2. On what linguistic phenomenon is the joke in the following extracts based? What causes the misunderstanding?
1. «Are your father and mother in?» asked the visitor of the small boy who opened the door. «They was in,» said the child, «but they is out.» «They was in. They is out. Where’s your grammar?» «She’s gone upstairs,» said the boy, «for a nap.»
2. «Yes, Miss Janes, it’s true my husband has left his job. He thought it was better for him to enlist rather than to be called up. Anyway, he has burned his bridges behind him.» «Oh, well, I shouldn’t worry about that. They’ll provide him with a uniform in the Army,» commented the neighbour.
3. «I got sick last night eating eggs.» «Too bad.» «No, only one.»
4. Husband and wife were enjoying a quiet evening by their fireside, he deep in a book and she in a crossword puzzle. Suddenly she questioned him: «Darling, what is a female sheep?» «Ewe [ju:],» he replied. His further explanation hardly soothed her.
5. «I spent last summer in a very pretty city in Switzerland.» «Berne?» «No, I almost froze.» 6. Officer (to driver in parked car): Don’t you see that sign «Fine for parking»? Driver: Yes, officer, I see and agree with it.
3. Find the homonyms proper for the following words; give their Russian equivalents.
1. band — a company of musicians. 2. seal — a warm-blooded, fish-eating sea-animal, found chiefly in cold regions. 3. ear — the grain-bearing spike of a cereal plant, as in corn. 4. cut — the result of cutting. 5. to bore — to make a long round hole, esp. with a pointed tool that is turned round. 6. corn— a hard, horny
thickening of the skin, esp. on the foot. 7. fall — the act of falling, dropping or coming down. 8. to hail — to greet, salute, shout an expression of welcome. 9. draw — something that attracts attentiоn.
4. Find the homophones to the following words, translate them into Russian or explain their meanings in English.
Dye, cent, tale, sea, week, peace, sun, meat, steel, knight, sum, coarse, write, sight, hare.
5. Classify the following italicized homonyms. Use Professor A. I. Smirnitsky’s classification system.
1. a) He should give the ball in your honour as the bride, b) The boy was playing with a ball.
2. a) He wished he could explain about his left ear. b) He left the sentence unfinished.
3. a) I wish you could stop lying. b) The yellow mouse was still dead, lying as it had fallen in the crystal clear liquid.
4. a) This time, he turned on the light, b) He wore $ 300 suits with light ties and he was a man you would instinctively trust anywhere.
5. a) When he’s at the door of her room, he sends the page ahead. b) Open your books at page 20.
6. a) Crockett’s voice rose for the first time, b) I’ll send you roses, one rose for each year of your life.
7. a) He was bound to keep the peace for six months, b) You should bound your desires by reason.
8. a) The pain was almost more than he could bear, b) Catch the bear before you sell his skin.
9. a) To can means to put up in airtight tins or jars for preservation, b) A man can die but once.
6. Give as many synonyms for the italicized words in the following jokes as you can.
1. «I hear there’s a new baby over at your house, William,» said the teacher. «I don’t
think he’s new,» replied William. «The way he cries shows he’s had lots of experience.»
2. A little boy who had been used to receiving his old brother’s old toys and clothes remarked: «Ma, will I have to marry his widow when he dies?»
3. Small boy (to governess): Miss Smith, please excuse my speaking to you with my mouth full, but my little sister has just fallen into the pond.
4. A celebrated lawyer once said that the three most troublesome clients he ever had were a young lady who wanted to be married, a married woman who wanted a divorce, and an old maid who didn’t know what she wanted.
5. Boss: You are twenty minutes late again. Don’t you know what time we start to work at this office? New Employee: No, sir, they are always at it when I get here. 6. H e (as they drove along a lonely road): You look lovelier to me every minute. Do you know what that’s a sign of? She: Sure. You are about to run out of gas.
7. Husband (shouting upstairs to his wife): For last time, Mary, are you coming? Wife: Haven’t I been telling you for the last hour that I’ll be down in a minute.
8. «Oh, Mummie, I hurt my toe!» cried small Janey, who was playing in the garden. «Which toe, dear?» I inquired, as I examined her foot. «My youngest one,» sobbed Janey.
7. Define the types of connotations in the italicized synonyms.
1. Old means having lived a long time, far advanced in years; elderly means approaching old age, between middle and old age, past middle age, but hardly old; aged is somewhat old, implies greater age than elderly; ancient is so old as to seem to belong to a past age.
2. To create means to make an object which was not previously in existence, to bring into existence by inspiration or the like; to manufacture is to make by labour, often by machinery, especially on a large scale by some industrial process; to produce is to work up from raw material and turn it into economically useful and marketable goods.
3. To break is to separate into parts or fragments; to crack is to break anything hard with a sudden sharp blow without separating, so that the pieces remain together; to
shatter is to break into fragments, particles and in numerous directions; to smash is to destroy, to break thoroughly to pieces with a crashing sound by some sudden act of violence.
4. To cry is to express grief or pain by audible lamentations, to shed tears with or without sound; to sob is to cry desperately with convulsive catching of the breath and noisily as from heart-rending grief; to weep means to shed tears more or less silently which is sometimes expression of pleasurable emotion.
5. Battle denotes the act of struggling, a hostile encounter or engagement between opposite forces on sea or land; combat denotes a struggle between armed forces, or individuals, it is usually of a smaller scale than battle, less frequently used in a figurative sense; fight denotes a struggle for victory, either between individuals or between armies, ships or navies, it is a word of less dignity than battle, fight usually implies a hand-to-hand conflicts.
8. Find the dominant synonym in the following groups of synonyms. Explain your choice.
1. to glimmer — to glisten — to blaze — to shine — to sparkle— to flash— to gleam.
2. to glare— to gaze — to peep — to look — to stare — to glance.
3. to astound — to surprise — to amaze — to puzzle — to astonish.
4. strange — quaint — odd — queer.
5. to saunter — to stroll — to wander — to walk — to roam.
6. scent — perfume — smell — odour — aroma.
7. to brood— to reflect— to meditate— to think.
8. to fabricate — to manufacture — to produce — to create — to make.
9. furious — enraged — angry. 10. to sob — to weep — to cry.
9. Find the euphemisms in the following sentences and jokes. Name the words for which they serve as euphemistic substitutes.
1. Policeman (to intoxicated man who is trying to fit his key to a lamppost): I’m afraid there’s nobody home there tonight. M a n: Mus’ be. Mus’ be. Theresh a light upstairsh.
2. «Johnny, where do you think God is this morning?» asked the Sundayschool teacher. «In our bathroom,» was the reply. «What on earth makes you say that?» asked the amazed teacher. «Because just before I left I heard pa say, «My Lord! How long are you going to be in there?»
3. The doctor had an inveterate punster and wit among his patients. One day he was late in making his rounds, and explained to the incorrigible humourist that he had stopped to attend a man who had fallen down a well. With a groan of agony, the wit mustered up strength enough to murmur: «Did he kick the bucket, doctor?» 4. A girl was to visit her serviceman brother at a military hospital. While stopping at the desk of the officer of the day for directions to the patient’s ward she asked: «Would you kindly tell me where the powder room is?» «Miss,» the corpsman on duty replied with dignity, «this is a hospital, not an arsenal.»
5. First Student: Great Scott! I’ve forgot- ten who wrote Ivanhoe. Second Ditto: I’ll tell you if you tell me who the dickens wrote The Tale of Two Cities.
6. So, for the love of Mike, come across to our table and help things along.
7. He was high and didn’t know what he was saying.
8. «You never know with lunatics,» said the young man chattily. «They don’t always look balmy, you know.»
9. «But what I mean was, it sounds more like a rather idiotic kind of hoax. Perhaps some convivial idiot who had had one over the eight.» «Nine? Nine what?» «Nothing — just an expression. I meant a fellow who was tight.»
10. «Funny old thing,» said Lily Marbury indulgently. «Looks half batty to my mind.»
11. «I think the fellow’s half a loony. He needs some one to look after him.»
10. Find antonyms for the words given below.
good adj, deep adj, narrow adj, clever adj, young adj, to love v, to reject v, to give v, strong adj, joy n, evil n, up adv, slowly adv, black adj, sad adj, to die v, to open v, clean adj, darkness n, big adj.
11. Say whether the following synonymic groups represent stylistic, ideographic or collocational synonyms.
beautiful – handsome, see – behold, look – appear – seem, rancid – rotten – addled, look – stare, happen – befall, begin – commence – initiate, brotherly – fraternal, flat – apartment, tall – high, end – finish – complete, die – perish, moist – damp.
12. Find antonyms in the following jokes and extracts and describe the resultant stylistic effect.
Policeman (holding up his hand): Stop!
Visitor: What’s the matter?
P.: Why are you driving on the right side of the road?
V.: Do you want me to ride on the wrong side?
P.: You are driving on the wrong side.
V.: But you said that I was driving on the right side.
P.: That is right. You are on the right, and that’s wrong.
V.: A strange country! If right is wrong, I’m right when I’m on the wrong side. So why did you stop me?
P.: My dear sir, you must keep to the left. The right side is the left.
V.: It’s like a looking-glass! I’ll try to remember. Well, I want to go to Bellwood. Will you kindly tell me the way?
P.: Certainly. At the end of this road, turn left. V.: Now let me think. Turn left! In England left is right, and right is wrong. Am I right?
P.: You’ll be right if you turn left. But if you turn right, you’ll be wrong.
V.: Thank you. It’s as clear as daylight. (After G. С Thornley)
Problems for Discussion
1. The etymological structure of English vocabulary. 2. The historical circumstances which stimulate the borrowing process. 3. Three stages of assimilation. 4. International words. 5. Etymological doublets. 6. Translation loans. 7. Interrelations between etymological and stylistic characteristics.
13. Subdivide all the following words of native origin into: a) Indo-european, b) Germanic, c) English proper.
Daughter, woman, room, land, cow, moon, sea, red, spring, three, I, lady, always, goose, bear, fox, lord, tree, nose, birch, grey, old, glad, daisy, heart, hand, night, to eat, to see, to make.
14. Explain the etymology of the following words. Write them out in three columns: a) fully assimilated words; b) partially assimilated words; c) unassimilated words. Explain the reasons for your choice in each case.
Pen, hors d’oeuvre, ballet, beet, butter, skin, take, cup, police, distance, monk, garage, phenomenon,
15. Look up the origin of the words listed below. Comment on the etymological characteristics of the words.
Atmosphere, company, door, fashion, horse, hundred, husband, kilt, parliament, pneumonia, physician, summer, street, salmon.
16. Rearrange the loan words listed below into eight groups according to their source language: Arabic, Chinese, Dutch/Flemish, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish.
Barricade, boom, cannibal, caravan, cruise, delicatessen, frankfurter, guitar, giraffe, geisha, glasnost, hamburger, harem, icon, judo, ketchup, mosque, motto, noodle, perestroika, prima donna, quartz, sauerkraut, sketch, studio, tea, tornado, tsunami, violin, yacht.
17. Define the type of borrowings on the basis of the etymological information given: borrowings proper, semantic borrowings, loan translations, international words, neologisms. Analyse their meanings. Give their Russian equivalents.
Babushka ‘a woman’s head scarf, folded triangularly and tied under the chin’, bureau ‘a subdivision of an executive department’, cargo, history, homesickness (G Heimweh), hyper ‘excited or nervous about something’, karaoke, mafia, manager, superman (G Übermensch), tragedy.
18. Compare the correlated words in English and in Russian. Explain why they are called ‘translator’s false friends’. Give the Russian equivalents of the English loan words, and the English equivalents of the Russian words:
a. Active – given to action; working, effective, practical, diligent; radioactive.
Актив – группа наиболее деятельных лиц в каком-то коллективе; чьи-то успехи, достижения, преимущества.
b. Actual – existing in fact; real, present, current. Актуальный – важный, существенный для настоящего момента; злободневный, насущный, современный.
c. Accurate – careful, precise; in exact conformity with a standard or with truth. Аккуратный – склонный к чистоте и порядку; исполнительный, пунктуальный.
d. Angina – pain in chest resulting from over-exertion when heart is diseased. Ангина – острое инфекционное заболевание, проявляющееся в воспалении нёбных миндалин и слизистой оболочки зева.
e. Inválid – not valid, esp. having no legal force.
Инвалид – человек, утративший трудоспособность вследствие ранения, увечья, болезни или старости.
f. Receipt – fact or action of receiving or being received into person’s hands or possession; amount of money, etc. received.
Рецепт – письменное предписание врача в аптеку о составе лекарства с указанием способа его применения.
g. Solid – of stable shape, not liquid or fluid, having some rigidity, (solid food); of solid substance throughout, not hollow, without internal cavities.
Солидный – прочный, надежный, основательный; заслуживающий доверия, с установившейся репутацией, авторитетом.
19. In the sentences given below find the examples of Scandinavian borrowings. How can the Scandinavian borrowings be identified?
1. He went on to say that he was sorry to hear that I had been ill.
2. She was wearing a long blue skirt and a white blouse.
3. Two eyes — eyes like winter windows, glared at him with ruthless impersonality.
4. The sun was high, the sky unclouded, the air warm with a dry fresh breeze.
5. If Eastin were right, Wainwright reasoned, the presence of the husband could tie
in with Wainwright’s own theory of an outside accomplice.
6. It’s not such a bad thing to be unsure sometimes. It takes us away from rigid thinking.
20. Explain the etymology of the following words.
Sputnik, kindergarten, opera, piano, potato, tomato, droshky, czar, violin, coffee, cocoa, colonel, alarm, cargo, blitzkrieg, steppe, komsomol, banana, balalaika.
21. Explain the etymology of the following words. Write them out in three columns: a) fully assimilated words; b) partially assimilated words; c) unassimilated words. Explain the reasons for your choice in each case.
Pen, hors d’oeuvre, ballet, beet, butter, skin, take, cup, police, distance, monk, garage, phenomenon, wine, large, justice, lesson, criterion, nice, coup d’etat, sequence, gay, port, river, loose, autumn, low, uncle, law, convenient, lunar, experiment, skirt, bishop, regime, eau-de-Cologne.
22. Classify the following borrowings according to the sphere of human activity they represent. What type of borrowings are these?
Television, progress, football, grapefruit, drama, philosophy, rugby, sputnik, tragedy, coca-cola, biology, medicine, atom, prima donna, ballet, cricket, hockey, chocolate, communism, democracy.
23. Read the following jokes. Identify examples of international words.
1. Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
2. A psychologist is a man who watches everybody rise when a beautiful girl enters the room.
3. An expert is a man who knows a great deal about very little; and who goes on knowing more and more about less and less until finally he knows practically everything about nothing; whereas a reviewer is a man who knows very little about a great deal and keeps on knowing less and less about more and more until finally he knows practically nothing about everything.
24. State the origin of the following translation-loans. Give more examples. Five-year plan, wonder child, masterpiece, first dancer, collective farm, fellow-traveller.
